President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak

President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak

Mohamed Hosni El-Sayed Mubarak, and his reputation as Hosni Mubarak (May 4, 1928 - February 25, 2020), born in Kafr El-Moselhah in Menoufia Governorate, is the fourth president of the Arab Republic of Egypt from October 14, 1981 to succeed Mohamed Anwar Sadat, and even on February 11, 2011, he stepped down under popular pressure.

And hand him power to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. He received a military education in Egypt, graduated from the Air College in 1950, and was promoted to military positions until he reached the position of Chief of Staff of the Air Force War, then Commander of the Air Force in April 1972, and led the Egyptian Air Force during the October 1973 war.

In 1975, Muhammad Anwar Sadat chose him as Vice-President of the Republic, and after the assassination of Sadat in 1981 by an Egyptian Islamic Salafi group that assumed the presidency of the Republic after a popular referendum, he renewed his term through referendums in the years 1987, 1993, and 1999, despite criticism of the conditions and mechanisms for running the 2005 elections.

However, it is the first direct multi-party elections, and Mubarak renewed his term for a fourth time by winning it. His term of office (until being forced to step down on February 11, 2011) is the fourth longest period of rule in the Arab region - among those who were alive at the time, after Sultan Qaboos bin Saeed Sultan of Oman and Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh and the longest among the kings and presidents of Egypt since Muhammad Ali Pasha.

He succeeded in 1989 by re-membership of Egypt, which had been frozen in the Arab League since the Camp David agreement with Israel and the return of the headquarters of the university to Cairo, known for his position in support of Palestinian-Israeli peace negotiations, in addition to his role in the second Gulf War, and he positioned himself as a reliable ally of the West and a harborer of radical Islamist movements in The country.

Despite providing stability and reasons for economic growth, his rule was repressive. The state of emergency, which had not been lifted since 1967, silenced the political opposition, and the security services became known for their brutality and corruption spread.

After the outbreak of the January 25 revolution, he was forced to step down on February 11, 2011, and was subsequently brought to trial in public on charges of killing protesters in the January 25 revolution. He appeared - as the first former Arab president to be tried this way - before a civilian court on August 3, 2011, and was sentenced to life imprisonment on Saturday, June 2, 2012.

He was released from all the cases attributed to him, and the Misdemeanor Court ruled that he was released after the end of the period of pre-trial detention on August 21, 2013. He was cleared on November 29, 2014 of all charges against him before the Cairo Appeal Court headed by Counselor Mahmoud Kamel Al-Rashidi.

 However, on May 9, 2015 he and his two sons were convicted in the presidential palaces case and the Cairo Criminal Court sentenced to 3 years in prison.

He graduated in military positions upon his graduation, where he was appointed to the Air Force in Al-Arish, on March 13, 1950, then transferred to Helwan Airport in 1951 to train on fighters, and continued until the beginning of 1953, then transferred to the Aviation College to work as a teacher there, as an assistant to the Staff of the College War Then, the staff of the college war, and the leader of a squadron at the same time, until 1959. He was captured by Egyptian officers after they made an emergency landing in Morocco by helicopter during the sand war that broke out between Morocco and Algeria.

He traveled on several missions to the Soviet Union, including a training mission for the Ilyushin-28 bomber, and a mission to train with the T-U-16 bomber, and he also received postgraduate studies at the Frunze Military Academy in the Soviet Union (1964-1965). Muhammad Hosni Mubarak became commander of the bombers brigade and commander of the agency's West Cairo Air Force Base until June 30, 1966.

On June 5, 1967, Muhammad Hosni Mubarak was commander of the Beni Suef air base. He was appointed director of the Air Force College in November 1967 AD, and during that period he witnessed a war of attrition, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General on June 22, 1969, and served as Chief of Staff of the Air Force War, then Commander of the Air Force in April 1972, and in the same year he was appointed Deputy Minister of War.

Mubarak appeared in the dock for the first time on Wednesday, August 3, 2011 in the police academy that turned into a courtyard headed by Chancellor Ahmed Refaat. Mubarak appeared lying on a wheelchair inside the dock with his two sons Alaa and Jamal, and he was with him in the dock, the former Minister of Interior Habib Al-Adly and his collaborators.

More than 300 people from the families of the martyrs were present in the hall, in addition to the defense authority, prosecutors and a number of media personnel. The Egyptian TV filmed the public trial live and broadcasted exclusively to Egyptian TV and did not allow access to any camera other than the Egyptian TV cameras.

While allowing the international satellite channels to be taken from the Egyptian TV without changing the logo of the Egyptian TV, and after the prosecution read the list of accusations that included incitement to kill the demonstrators, the president of the court asked Judge Ahmed Rifaat, the former Egyptian president, about these charges, so he denied his responsibility and said: «All these accusations I deny them in full ».

It is the phrase that his sons repeated after him in response to a question to the judge about the indictment for crimes that reach the death penalty for Mubarak and Al-Adly to death, and for Alaa and Jamal to life imprisonment. At the conclusion of its session, the court decided to postpone the trial of the former president and his two sons, and businessman (fugitive) Hussein Salem, until the August 15 session. The trial of Al-Adly and his aides was also postponed to today's hearing.

It ordered Mubarak to deposit the International Medical Center Hospital on the Cairo-Ismailia Desert Road of the Armed Forces while providing the medical care that his condition requires, and allowing the medical team treating him to follow him.

 He was sentenced to life imprisonment in a session on Saturday morning (12 Rajab 1433 AH) corresponding to June 2, 2012. His defense authority appealed the ruling and the court accepted him on Sunday January 13, 2013 AD to be transferred for treatment in the Maadi Hospital for the Armed Forces.

A misdemeanor court ruled that he should be released after the end of his remand on August 21, 2013 and he was acquitted with his assistants in all cases attributed to him on November 29, 2014 in the so-called trial of the century.

He led the Egyptian Air Force during the October 1973 war, and promoted Major General Mohamed Hosni Mubarak to the rank of Pilot Team in February 1974. On April 15, 1975, Muhammad Anwar Sadat chose him as Vice President of the Republic, to occupy this position (1975-1981).

When Sadat announced the formation of the National Democratic Party under his chairmanship in July 1978, to be the government party in Egypt instead of the Egypt Party, Hosni Mubarak appointed a vice-president of the party. During this stage, he undertook more than one Arab and international mission, and also made numerous visits to countries of the world, which contributed greatly to strengthening these countries' relations with Egypt.

On October 14, 1981, Mohamed Hosni Mubarak assumed the presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt, after a referendum was held after he was nominated by the People's Assembly in a popular referendum, to succeed President Mohamed Anwar Sadat, who was assassinated on October 6, 1981, during the military parade held on the occasion of the celebration of the anniversary of the October victories. 1973 AD. On January 26, 1982 he was elected head of the National Democratic Party.

Hosni Mubarak died on February 25, 2020, (Al-Galaa) Military Hospital.

A military funeral was held for him in Cairo in appreciation of the Egyptian armed forces. The flags of the Arab countries were mourned for a period of 3 days