Australia

Australia

Australia / A country located in the southern hemisphere of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, its capital is Canberra. The continent is surrounded by the Timor Sea, the Arvora Sea, the Strait of Tours, to the east by the Coral Sea, the Tasman Sea, and to the south by the Pass Pass, and surrounded by the Indian Ocean to the south and west.

Australia has an area of ​​7,617,930 square kilometers (2,941,300 sq mi) on the surface of the Australian continent. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east, separated from Asia by the Arvora Sea and the Timor Sea and separated by the Tasman Sea from New Zealand, and separated by the Antarctic Ocean from Antarctica.

Australia is the smallest continent in the world and the sixth largest country in the world by area. Because of its size and isolation, Australia is an island of the world and the largest island in the world. Australia has a beach area of ​​34,218 km (21,262 mi) (excluding all marine islands) and Australia has many large and exclusive EEZs estimated at 8,148,250 sq km (3,146,060 sq mi).

This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian region of Antarctica. With the exception of the Macquarie Islands, Australia lies between 9 ° to 44 ° S, and 122 ° to 154 ° E.

The Great Coral Reef is the largest coral reef area in the world, located a short distance from the northeastern shore and having about 2,000 kilometers (1,240 mi). The Great Range Spacer is Australia's largest mountain range. It stretches from northeast Queensland along the East Coast through New South Wales and then reaches Victoria in the south to turn west.

The tallest mountain in Australian lands with a length of 2,228 meters (7,310 feet) is Mount Kuzizko in the Great Diving Region, although there is a mountain higher than it is but in the Australian county of Hurd Island and it is Mount Mason Peak, which reaches a height of 2,745 meters (9,006 feet).

Australia is the most flat continent, and its soil is the oldest and least fertile, and it is almost desert or semi-desert land and remote areas represent the largest part of the earth, and it is the most responsible drought continent; except for the southeastern and southwestern regions with a moderate climate. The population density is 2.8 people per square kilometer, and it is one of the lowest in the world.

Although most of the population lives in the southeast coast with a temperate climate. Landscapes abound in the northern part of the country, and the upper end and areas beyond the Gulf of Carpentaria, which are characterized by its tropical climate, and the presence of forests and grasslands and desert. While in the northwestern corner of the continent, it is a region of cliffs, sandstone valleys and narrow valleys of the Kimberley region and below Belbara between them in the south and inland areas. Central Australia is the heart of Australia.

Australia's climate is highly influenced by ocean currents — including the Indian Ocean polar phenomenon and El Nino — associated with cyclical droughts, and the tropical low-pressure cyclone season in northern Australia. These factors contribute to the occurrence of rain, which varies significantly from year to year. Most of the northern part of the country is dominated by tropical climate with summer (monsoon) rains. Three quarters of Australia is within a desert or semi-desert region. The southwestern corner of the country is within the climatic Mediterranean region, and most southeast (including Tasmania) has a temperate climate.

Australia has an economic market with a high domestic production with a low poverty rate. The Australian dollar is the official currency of the country, and also for Christmas Island, Cox Islands and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island countries of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu. In 2006, after the merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and Sydney Futures Exchange, the Australian stock exchange became the ninth largest market in the world.

Australia ranks third in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, and Australia is ranked thirteenth as the largest economy and the ninth in terms of GDP per capita: higher than the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Japan and the United States of America. The country was ranked second in the United Nations Human Development Index 2010 and the first in the Prosperity Index for Legatum Statistics 2010.

All major Australian cities are ranked among the world statistics for cities to live in. Melbourne ranks second in The Economist's 2008 statistics among the most liveable cities, followed by Perth, Adelaide and Sydney in fourth, seventh and ninth.

Most of Australia's forests consist of evergreen species, especially eucalyptus trees in less arid regions. Deserts in dry deserts are the most common species. Among the most well-known Australian animals are mono-pathways (platypus and ecstasy); And a group of marsupials, such as kangaroos, koalas, wombats, and birds such as Imo and Cocapura.

Australia is home to many dangerous animals, among them the most poisonous snakes in the world. Many plants have become extinct since the continent's first human settlement. Including large Australian animal creatures, and others who have disappeared since European settlement, such as Thilsen.

There are many Australian ecoregions, and many species are threatened by human activities. The Federal Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for protecting endangered species. It established several nature reserves within the framework of the International Strategy for the Conservation and Protection of Australian Biodiversity and the Conservation of Unique Ecosystems.

 It classified 65 wetlands under the Ramsar Convention, and established 16 World Heritage Sites. Australia was ranked 51st out of 163 in the 2010 Environmental Performance Index.