Jordan

Jordan

Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is an Arab country located in south-west Asia in the middle of the Middle East. It has a common border with Syria from the north and historic Palestine from the west, Iraq from the east, and from the east and south to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Jordan is named after the Jordan River, which passes on its western borders and Jordan is considered a country that combines different Arab cultures and dialects and is separated by any natural borders from its Arab neighbors except the Jordan River and the Yarmouk River, which, respectively, form part of its borders with Palestine and Syria or the rest of the border is an extension of the desert In the north, east and desert influence in the south and Wadi Araba to the southwest.

In Jordan, the mountains of Al-Aljun in the north-west and the Al-Sharaa Mountains in the south are very diverse.

The highest peak is located on the mountain of Umm al-Dami 1854 meters and the lowest point in the Dead Sea, which is satisfied with the lowest point in the world.

In 1921, he founded the Emirate of East Jordan with the help of Britain.

Jordan is a constitutional monarchy with a representative government. The King exercises his executive power through the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, who, at the same time, are accountable to the House of Representatives (elected) and the Senate (appointed by the King), who form the legislative power of the State. There is also an independent judiciary.

Jordan is a country with remarkably different Arab cultures and dialects, with no natural borders separated from its Arab neighbors except the Jordan River and the Yarmouk River, which are respectively part of its borders with Palestine and Syria. The rest of the border is an extension of Badia al-Sham in the north and east and the desert of influence in the south, and Wadi Araba to the southwest. Jordan's terrain varies considerably, the most important of which are the Ajloun mountains in the north-west and the Al-Sharaat mountains in the south.

The Dana Sanctuary houses more than 800 plant species, three of which can only be found anywhere in the world except in the Dana Sanctuary. Scientists in Jordan have recorded 78 species of mammals, belonging to seven ranks and 26 families.This list includes: predators (carnivores) such as striped hyena, wolf, golden jackal as well as various types of foxes and wild cats. Nubian, Arabian oryx and various species of deer, rodents and bats are considered the most numerousAmong mammals, two-thirds of the total, Jordan has five amphibians and 97 reptiles. More than half of these species of lizards are approximately 55 species while 37 species of snakes have been recorded, seven of which are poisonous. Although reptiles in Jordan are not highly threatened, 14 species are considered rare, and 2 to 4 species are believed to have been extinct.

Jordan is one of the most important migratory bird corridors, because it is located on the edge of the mantle pit, and birds travel thousands of kilometers per year in migration seasons passing through Jordan. 300 are immigrants, 95 are local. 111 of these recorded birds visit the Kingdom in winter, while 63 of them visit the Kingdom in the summer, 202 species pass through the Kingdom during migration, and 83 species stray road. Multiply inJordan is a number of endangered birds such as al-Awaisaq and Syrian warbler. The list includes 15 threatened species and 21 on the list of the International Convention for the Prohibition of Trade in Endangered Species. Jordan is rich in plant diversity. Scientists have registered more than 2,500 vascular plants, which in turn belong to 152 families and constitute a total of 1% of the registered plants in the world.

There are about 100 species of endemic plants in Jordan, which represents 2.5% of the total registered plants worldwide, which is high compared to international standards. There are 349 rare species, of which 76 are endangered and 18 are listed on the IUCN Worldwide List of Endangered Species. The Gulf of Aqaba is home to some of the finest marine life in the Middle East, while the reefs are unparalleled in the world. The Gulf of Aqaba contains a wide range of marine life, such as jellyfish, sea horses, sea cucumbers, crabs, shrimp, sea urchins, and many species of fish and worms that burrow their houses on the sandy seabed.

A variety of seaweed can be found in shallow water. Perhaps the most important attraction for divers in the Gulf of Aqaba is the colorful coral reefs, especially those in the southern part of the Jordanian coast, and there are about 100 species of coral stone. There are mainly algae in shallow water that require light for photosynthesis.

Jordan has national plant and animal symbols: black iris representing the national flower, boredom representing the national tree, Arabian oryx representing the national animal, and the pink bird representing the national bird.

Jordan's climate is a mixture of Mediterranean and arid climates. All in all, the weather is hot and dry in summer and mild and humid in winter. There is a diversity of climate in Jordan, where the dry tropical climate prevails in the Jordan Valley, the climate of warm esteps prevailing in the mountain heights, the Mediterranean climate that prevails in the mountain heights as well, the cold Mediterranean climate that prevails in the high mountain peaks such as Ajloun, the climate of steppes on the slopes Eastern, dry desert climate in the eastern desert.

The average annual temperature ranges from 12-15 ° C (54-77 ° F), reaching its maximum summer in the forties (105-115 ° F) in the desert areas. Rainfall ranges from 50 mm (1.97 in) per year in the desert to about 580 mm (22.8 in). In the northern highlands, snow falls at short intervals on most of the mountain highlands in the north, central and south of the kingdom and are very heavy and sometimes accumulated.

Jordan entered the war with Israel in 1967, losing Jerusalem and the West Bank, and displacing thousands of Palestinians from the West Bank to Jordan. On March 21, 1968, Israeli forces crossed the Jordanian border to occupy the east bank of the Jordan River for reasons Israel considers strategic. It has already crossed the river from several axes with bridges and under heavy air cover. The Jordanian Arab Army forces engaged it along the frontline from the far north of Jordan to the south of the Dead Sea. In the village of Karama, Jordanian Arab forces, along with Palestinian guerrillas and residents of the area, engaged in fierce white-arms fighting against the Israeli army in a nearly 50-minute operation.

The battle lasted more than 16 hours, forcing the Israelis to withdraw completely from the battlefield, leaving behind for the first time their losses and killings without being able to withdraw them. In this battle, the Jordanian army was able to achieve victory and prevent Israel from achieving its goals. The period following the 1967 war witnessed an increase in the number of elements and activity of Palestinian factions within the Jordanian state, until it became a state within a state that threatens the rule of law in Jordan.

He ended up expelling the Palestinian factions from Jordan to Lebanon and these events were called the events of September. The war broke out on 6 October 1973 between Egypt and Syria on the one hand and Israel on the other. At the 1974 Rabat Summit, Jordan agreed to become the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. In 1988, King Hussein bin Talal announced the decision of the administrative and legal disengagement from the West Bank and deputies from the West Bank were excluded from the House of Representatives.