Turkey

Turkey

Turkey The official name (the Turkish Republic) is a country located in the Middle East. It is bordered to the north by the Black Sea and Georgia, to the east by Armenia and Iran, to the south by Iraq, Syria and the Mediterranean Sea with a maritime border with Cyprus, to the west by the Aegean Sea, Greece and Bulgaria. She is a member of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization.

Turkey is a secular, democratic, unitary, constitutional republic with an ancient cultural heritage. Turkey has become increasingly integrated with the West through its membership in organizations such as the Council of Europe and NATO, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Group of Twenty (the world's major economies). Turkey began full membership negotiations with the EU in 2005, knowing that it has been an associate member of the European Common Market since 1963, and in 1995, a customs union agreement was reached. Turkey has also fostered close cultural, political, economic and industrial relations with the Middle East,

Turkish countries in Central Asia and African countries through their membership in organizations such as the Council of Turkey, the Joint Directorate of Turkish Arts and Culture, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation Organization. Turkey's position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia has made it a country of great geostrategic importance.

The Straits of the Bosphorus, Dardanelles and the Sea of ​​Marmara - which connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea and connects Asia to Europe - are located in their territory, making their strategic and influential position on the countries bordering the Black Sea.

Turkey was the center of Ottoman rule until 1922 until the Turkish Republic was established in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.

Turkey was the center of Ottoman rule until 1922. In 1922, the last sultan, Mehmed VI, was deposed, and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk finally abolished the caliphate in 1924, after he abolished the Sultanate in 1922. After World War I, Turkey saw a nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk The Republic of Turkey declared its presidency in 1923, until his death in 1938.He was able to establish a secular system in the country.He also established a number of Western customs to append the country to Europe, including replacing the writing with Arabic characters in Latin.

Turkey remained neutral during much of World War II but entered the Allied side on February 23, 1945 as a goodwill gesture and in 1945 became a member of the United Nations. Turkey faced difficulties with Greece in suppressing the communist tide, and after the war the demands of the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits emerged, prompting the United States to declare the Truman principle in 1947, contained in the doctrine of American intentions to ensure the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in the intervention of the US military Extensive economic support.

The one-party rule ended in 1945, followed by the transition to pluralist democracy, which has been strongly present for decades, but was disrupted by military coups in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997. Ataturk's successor in power Ismet Inonu until 1950, and civilian rule took control of the country until 1973. After Turkey's participation in the United Nations forces in the Korean War, it joined NATO in 1952, and became an impregnable bulwark against Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean.

Turkey invaded Cyprus on July 20, 1974, until August of the same year, in response to the Greek military junta's support for a coup against the Cyprus regime. The military operation ended with the victory of the Turkish forces, after Turkey landed its soldiers in the northern part of the island of Cyprus at the beginning of the war on July 20, 1974, and the fall of the Greek Military Council in Athens nine years later was founded the Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognized by any country in the world only Turkey .

The military rule returned after 1973, leading to an unstable situation. Violence erupted in 1980, followed in 1984 by an armed PKK insurgency against the Turkish government; the conflict has claimed more than 40,000 lives and continues to this day as the Turkish government suffers from opposition from Kurds and Armenians. The Kurds represent between 20 and 25 million people. In 1991, Turkish President Ozal allowed the Kurds to take refuge in Turkish territory after their revolution in Iraq. In 1993, Tselno became the first female prime minister in Turkey.

Since the liberalization of the Turkish economy in the 1980s, the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability. Turkey applied for full membership in the European Common Market in 1987, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and began accession negotiations with the EU in 2005.

In 2013, large-scale protests erupted in many Turkish provinces that resulted from a plan to remove the Gizy park but soon grew public anti-government opposition. On July 15-16, 2016, a failed coup attempt to overthrow the government took place. In response to the failed coup, the government carried out extensive cleansing operations.

Turkey is strategically located. Connecting the Asian and European continents, Turkey separates Asia from Europe (consisting mostly of Anatolia), comprising 97% of the country, with the Bosphorus, the Marmara Sea, and the Dardanelles (which together form the water link between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea). European Turkey (eastern Thrace or Rumelia in the Balkan Peninsula) comprises 3% of the country.

Turkey has a rectangular length of 1.600 km and width 800 km, located between latitudes 35 degrees and 43 degrees north, and longitudes 25 degrees and 45 degrees east. Turkey occupies the 37th place in the world in terms of area. The country is surrounded by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea in the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. And also the Sea of ​​Marmara in the northwest of the country.

Turkey's diverse landscapes are the product of complex land movements that have occurred in the region for thousands of years, and are clearly active in terms of earthquakes and volcanoes to some extent. There were major earthquakes in 1999 that killed many.