Algeria

Algeria

Algeria or (officially: the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria) is a sovereign Arab state located in North Africa. Its capital and most populous city is the city of Algiers, located in the far north of the country. With an area of ​​2,381,741 square kilometers (919,595 square miles), Algeria is the tenth largest country in the world, the first African, Arab, Mediterranean and second in the Islamic world after the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is bordered to the north by the Mediterranean Sea, bordered to the north-east by Tunisia, east of Libya, west by Morocco and Western Sahara, to the southwest by Mauritania and Mali, and to the southeast by Niger. The system of government in Algeria is semi-presidential, divided administratively into 48 states and 1541 municipalities.

Many ancient empires and civilizations were known in Algeria, including the rule of the Numidians, Phoenicians, Phoenicians, Romans Valundals and then Byzantines. After the Islamic conquest, the country or parts of it were controlled by the Umayyads, Abbasids, Idrisids, Aghlabids, Rustumids, Fatimids, Ziridis, Hammadis, Almoravids and Almohads as Ottomans. In the nineteenth century saw the French occupation of Algeria.

Algeria is a regional and Mediterranean power. It is a founding member of the African Union, a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union, a member of the League of Arab States and the United Nations since its independence, OPEC and many international and regional institutions.

Energy exports are the backbone of its economy. According to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Algeria ranks 16th in terms of oil reserves in the world and the second largest oil reserves in Africa, while it is ranked ninth in terms of natural gas reserves. It supplies large quantities of natural gas to Europe. Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest in Africa.

Named in the country of one and a half million martyrs in proportion to the number of martyrs of the national liberation revolution that lasted seven and a half years. Most Algerians live in the north of the country near the coast, due to the mild climate and the availability of fertile land. According to the country's constitution, the official religion of the Algerian state is Islam and the two official languages ​​are Arabic and Amazigh.

Algeria's constitution describes Islam, Arabism and Amazigh as the basic components of the identity of the Algerian people, and the country as "the land of Islam, an integral part of the Greater Maghreb, Arab land, Mediterranean and African countries."

France used the fan incident as an argument for its occupation of Algeria, but France had intended to occupy Algeria since the time of Napoleon Bonaparte. The French forces launched from the port of Toulon with a campaign of 37600 troops towards Algeria. This campaign reached Sidi Faraj on June 14, 1830, corresponding to 23 Dhu al-Hijjah 1245 AH, where the Battle of Staoueli took place and after the occupation, France imposed on the Algerians the law of the people. Have educational, endowment and religious institutions,The depletion of the education budget, the closure of schools, the drop-out of students and the migration of scholars. Thus, the message of France in Algeria was ignorance, not education, enabling the French to make Algeria easier and more tolerable to the principles of Western civilization. The policy of French education in Algeria does not differ through the different stages of the French military or civilian presence, because they were the same objectives, although the designations differed.

Algeria is a unified country, mainly religious and sectarian. Islam is embraced by most of the population (at least 99.99 percent). The partial influence of Christianity was eliminated after the Islamic conquest. Even after the French occupation, Christianity in the region was revived again in the 19th century. With the arrival of a large number of European settlers and immigrants who were launchedThey have the title of black feet. The day after independence after July 5, 1962, the number of Christians in Algeria was estimated at more than one million, representing more than 12% of the Algerian population. Following the independence of Algeria, large numbers of Christians and Jews migrated to Algeria as they were exposed to waves of violence.

In 2009, the UN Office counted about 45,000 Roman Catholics, most of them of European descent, who lived in the country during colonial times and concentrated in the capital and major cities and 10,000 Protestants in Algeria; many different statistics estimate the number of Protestants in Algeria is between 100,000 and 150,000; the majority of them are of Algerian-Muslim origin, either Arab or Amazigh. A 2015 study estimated the number of convertsBetween 1960 and 2015, the Christian religion in Algeria was about 380,000 people. The number of Jews in Algeria was 140,000 in 1948, but in 2018 it fell to less than 50 because many emigrated to Israel and France.

The doctrine prevalent in Algeria is the Sunni sect in most of the country except sections of the provinces of Ghardaia and Ouargla, where there are still areas belonging to the Ibadi sect, namely areas inhabited by the tribe of Beni Mizab Amazigh adhering to this doctrine, which is only a small percentage of the population Maliki jurisprudence has traditionally prevailed in most of North, West and Central Africa from other Sunni schools of jurisprudence with the emergence of a phenomenon known as Salafism, similar to a number of Islamic countries. In recent years, the state's interest in Sufism has also been recorded, making its presence particularly striking in the western and southern regions of the country.

Algeria's political system is a democratic republic, with a constitution, and the 1989 amendment to the constitution approved the country's multi-party and trade union pluralism.

Algeria officially differentiates the three powers: executive, legislative and judicial. In general, the President and the executive are entrusted with the task of enforcing the laws enacted by the Algerian Parliament, while the judiciary adjudicates civil and penal sentences.

Historically, the legacy of the past has been the cause of political weight. For years, one-party rule has continued since the country's independence, influenced by the socialist system. In the 1980s, Algeria experienced several economic shocks, triggered by the events of 5 October 1988 that precipitated the introduction of political and economic reforms.

The country re-entered the Black Decade as a result of the suspension of the electoral process at the end of 1991, the resignation of President Chadli Ben Jedid and the spread of armed actions. The priority is to put an end to this situation, which has drained lives and energies. Signs of détente began to emerge with the election of Abdelaziz Bouteflika as president of the country and his initiation of measures to stop the bloody and destructive process.

At the beginning of this century, Algeria began to enjoy security stability and economic well-being, but the political situation remained closed to the parties under the state of emergency and the state monopoly of the audiovisual media.