Russia

Russia

Russia / is a country located in northern Eurasia, with a republican rule with a semi-presidential system of 85 federal entities, two of which have limited international recognition (the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol).

Russia has common borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland (via Kaliningradskaya oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea.

It also has maritime borders with Japan in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the United States through the Bering Strait. Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering 1/8 of the world's inhabited land area with an area of ​​17,075,400 square kilometers (6,592,800 square miles), and it is the ninth largest country in terms of population in the world with more than 143 million people .

Russia stretches across all of North Asia and 40% of Europe, it also covers nine time zones and includes a wide range of environments and terrain and has the world's largest reserves of mineral resources and energy and has the world's largest reserves of forests and lakes, which contain nearly a quarter of the world's fresh water.

Moscow is the largest city in Russia today and one of the largest cities in the world in terms of population, and the main port of Russia is Saint Petersburg, which is located on the Baltic Sea. Russia is the seventh largest economy in the world by GDP, the sixth in terms of purchasing power, and the third in terms of the military budget. Russia is one of the only five countries to possess nuclear weapons in the world, in addition to having the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction in the world.

Russia is a world superpower, is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and is a member of the Group of Eight and Group of Twenty, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

Russia can be divided into four ranges based on soil and plant conditions that are climate-dependent. These bands form wide and wide belts across Russia, not separated by clear transition regions and the bands are from north to south: the tundra range, the forest range, the steppe zone,

 And the semi-desert and mountainous range. The tundra is located in the northernmost part of Russia, and the tundra is a tree-free plains with a short climate, summer and long winters, during which the freezing soil freezes.

Permafrost makes up half the area of ​​the range and is called permafrost. In these arid places, the population decreases and the plant life consists of short shrubs, dwarf trees and lichen, and animals such as reindeer, polar fox, wild rabbits, kayak and lamos live in them.

 The forest range is located to the south of the tundra. The northern part of the range is known as the tiga, where coniferous trees are abundant, such as: rice, pine, spruce, paisy, and poor soil that is not suitable for cultivation.

The southern part of the range is characterized by its diversity of trees, which include: pine, poplar, birch, maple, oak and other species. As for the soil, it is suitable for cultivation in some areas, especially in those places that enjoy a more moderate and humid climate. Various animals live here, such as brown bear, reindeer, elk, squirrels, beaver and wolves.

The steppe range is located to the south of the forest range and the northern part of it consists of meadows and plains covered by forests, while the southern part consists of vast prairie-free trees, and here is the black soil Chernozym which is one of the best and most fertile soils in Russia, so most of the steppe lands are agricultural .

As for the animal life, it consists of: birds, squirrels, antelopes and grasshoppers. In the southernmost part of Russia lies the semi-desert and mountainous range. This range is characterized by the diversity of its soil and climate for varied terrain. This range includes semi-desert dry depressions around the Caspian Sea, as well as the Caucasus Mountains with a humid climate and dense green forests.

Geologists divided Russia into five terrain regions, which differ with each other and differ from the previous classification based on soil and vegetation. These regions from west to east are:

The European Plain: The major part of European Russia is its most populous part. The European Plain is a flat land in most of its parts, interspersed with heights not exceeding 180 meters above sea level. Despite its lack of natural resources, the region contains most of Russia's industries. Forests cover most parts of the region where many different animals live. It is surrounded by the plain from the south between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains where there is Mount Elbrus, the highest peak in the European continent (5642 meters above sea level)

The Ural Mountains: The traditional borders between the continents of Asia and Europe and then between European Russia and Asian Russia are, in fact, heights of an average height of 610 m, and its central and southern parts rich in minerals such as iron and copper, which made the central part of it the most crowded area of ​​population and various industries.

Western Siberia Plain: It is one of the most prominent flat-surface regions in the world, covering more than 2.6 million km2 and a height less than 150 m above sea level. The plain drains the Op river system that flows into the Arctic Ocean. The river drainage is poor here, which leads to a lot of swamps, especially in its northern parts. The region is experiencing a major development due to its wealth of oil and natural gas. Among its most important cities are Omsk and the Yebersk win.

Central Siberian Plateau: It descends towards the Arctic Ocean, rises whenever we head south and reach an average height of 610 m, penetrates its surface with deep rivers, and the Bikal and Saiyan Mountains rise to more than 3,350 m along the southern end of the plateau. The dense coniferous forests cover most parts of the region, which has a continental climate. The region has rich mineral deposits. One of the most important cities of Krasnoyarsk and Arctic.

Eastern Siberian Highlands: most of them consist of desolate mountains and hills, and the mountains rise to 3,000 meters, forming part of a group of mountain ranges that extend along the eastern coast of Asia and some of the islands adjacent to it. On the Kamchatka Peninsula, there are 25 active volcanoes, the highest of which rises to 4,750 m. And prevents the harsh climate that prevails in the region from the exploitation of mineral resources that abound in the region and the most important cities: Vladivostek and Khabarovsk.

The great rivers of Russia play an important role in transport and trade, especially after the many channels that link these rivers are built. But some of these rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean, which loses its importance, especially in the field of transport.

These rivers are: Lina, Ob, Yenisei, Amur, and all Siberian rivers freeze for a period that ranges between 7 and 9 months of the year. Among the European rivers of Russia is the Volga, which originates from the Valdai Hills, west of Moscow, and runs for a distance of 3,531 km to flow into the Caspian Sea, and is one of the longest rivers of Russia. After the Lina River (4,400 km).

There is also the Don River that flows into the Black Sea and is linked to the Volga River in the Canal, the Ural River that empties into the Caspian Sea, and the Northern Dvina River. Russia is also crowded with many of the 200,000 lakes, the largest of which is the Caspian Sea which is the largest inland water body in the world. It is a salty sea with a depth of 28 meters.

Lake Ladoga, near Saint Petersburg - Europe's largest lake - has an area of ​​17,703 square kilometers. And in Siberia there is Lake Becal, which is the deepest lake in the world with a depth of 1,620 m.

Russia overlooks many seas and has many ports on the Baltic Sea, the Barents Sea in the north, ports on the Black Sea in the south, and also ports. In the Pacific regions of Vladivostok near Japan. There are 266 mammal species, and 780 bird species in Russia. It included a total of 415 animal species in the Red Information Book of the Russian Federation as of 1997 and is now protected.

Russia is famous for its long, cold winter that helped repel the invaders and paralyze their movement, such as Napoleon's armies in 1812 AD and Hitler's armies during World War II. In the Moscow region, snow covers the land for five months a year, while the snow period in the far reaches of North Russia extends to more than eight months. Therefore, the small percentage of Russia's arable land suffers from a shorter period of growth and insufficient rains. Soils in half of Russia's land are in a permanent freeze, and most of the country's coasts, lakes, and rivers freeze for most of the months of the year.