Indonesia

Indonesia

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country located in Southeast Asia and in Oceania. Indonesia has 17,508 islands. With a population of about 238 million people, which makes it the fourth largest country in terms of population, it is also the largest country with a Muslim majority and the largest Australian country in the world. Java, home to more than half of the country's population, is the largest inhabited island in the world.

The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trading area since the seventh century during the era of Srivijaya, and later, during the era of the Majapahit Empire through trade with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign religious and political cultures from the first centuries AD, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been affected by foreign powers due to the country's important natural resources. Muslim merchants brought Islam, and European powers were killed by the monopoly of the spice trade in the Maluku Islands during an eraExploration. Three and a half centuries after Dutch colonialism, Indonesia gained independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has been troubled by the challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatist movements, the democratization process and periods of rapid economic change. The current system of the Republic of Indonesia is a unitary presidential system and it consists of thirty-three provinces.

Indonesia is a republic, with an elected president and legislature. The capital of the country is the city of Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Malaysia. Other nearby countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and Indian lands from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the Group of 20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the eighteenth in the world in terms of nominal GDP and the fifteenth in terms of purchasing power.

The archipelago of Indonesia consists of more than 17 thousand islands, which is the most earthquake-prone region in the world as it falls within the belt of fire in the Pacific Ocean, which is an active seismic and volcanic episode, as during 2018 AD it experienced 11,557 earthquakes, including 297 tremors that strengthened more than 5 Degrees on the Richter scale.

Indonesia is made up of different ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups scattered and dispersed across many islands. Javanese is the largest ethnic in the country and is dominant politically. Indonesia has developed a common identity that is defined by a national language. As for ethnic diversity and religious pluralism, it has been placed within the majority of the Muslim population, and they are united by a history of colonialism, resistance, and rebellion against this colonialism. Indonesia's national motto is: "Unity in diversity." Despite its large population and densely populated areas, there are vast areas of land in Indonesia that make it the second largest bio-diversity in the world. Indonesia is rich in natural resources, but poverty is still widespread today in many areas of contemporary Indonesia.

Indonesia lies between latitudes 11 ° S and 6 ° N, and longitudes 95 ° and 141 ° E. It consists of 17,508 islands, 6000 of which are inhabited scattered on both sides of the equator. The largest ones are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (divided with Brunei and Malaysia), New Guinea (divided with Papua New Guinea), and Sulawesi.

Indonesia has land borders with Malaysia on the island of Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor. It also has maritime borders across narrow straits with Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines in the north, and with Australia in the south. The capital, Jakarta, is in Java, the largest city in the country, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan and Samarang.

The area of ​​Indonesia is 1919,440 km2 (741,050 square miles), and is the sixteenth country by area. The average population density is 134 people per square kilometer (347 per square mile), and it carries the sequence 79 in the world, bearing in mind that Java Island is the most populated island in the world, with a population density of 940 people per square kilometer (2435 per Square miles). The highest peak in Indonesia is Puncak Jaya in Papua, which is 4884 meters (16024 feet) high, and Lake Toba in Sumatra is the largest lake, with an area of ​​1145 square kilometers (442 square miles). The longest rivers are in Kalimantan, and they include the Mahakam River and the Barreto River; such rivers are useful for communication and transportation between the cities and villages on the island.

The location of Indonesia on the edges of the Pacific, Eurasian and Australian tectonic plates makes the site frequently exposed to many volcanoes and earthquakes. In Indonesia, there are at least 150 active volcanoes, most notably Krakatoa and Tambora, which are famous for their devastating volcanic eruptions during the nineteenth century. The terrible volcano eruption in Toba nearly 70,000 years ago was one of the largest eruptions ever. Among the recent disasters caused by seismic activity include the 2004 tsunami in North Sumatra that killed 16,736 people, and the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake. However, volcanic ash is the main contributor to high agricultural fertility that has historically maintained a high population density in Java and Bali.

Indonesia's fall on the equator makes it tropical climate, with two seasons of wet and dry monsoons. The average annual precipitation in the lowlands ranges from 1,780-3,175 mm (70-125 inches), and reaches 6,100 mm (240 inches) in mountainous areas. Mountainous areas, especially on the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, receive the highest precipitation. Humidity is generally high, on average about 80%. Temperatures vary slightly throughout the year, and average daily temperatures in Jakarta are 26-30 ° C (79-86 ° F).

Indonesia has a mixed economy in which both the private sector and government play a major role. It is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of the G20. GDP is estimated at $ 706.7 billion in 2010, with estimates of GDP per capita at $ 3,015. The industrial sector is the largest sector in the Indonesian economy, accounting for 46.4% of GDP in 2010, followed by the services sector 37.1% and agriculture (16.5%). However, since 2010, the services sector has employed more people than any other economic sector which represents 48.9% of the total workforce and after that comes the Agriculture (38.3%) and Industry (12.8%) division. However, the Department of Agriculture is the largest employee in the Indonesian economy over the centuries.

The Indonesian economy is market-based. The government plays a big role in its management, as the state owns more than 164 institutions and sets pricing for many basic commodities, including fuel, rice and electricity. In the wake of the financial and economic crisis that struck the country in mid-1997, the government took measures aimed at protecting and caring for a large part of the private sector through the purchase of troubled bank loan assets, corporate assets and debt restructuring.

Indonesia's economy deteriorated dramatically in the 1960s as a result of political instability, government and young women with no experience and nationalization of the economy, leading to extreme poverty and hunger. When Soekarno fell in the mid-1960s, the economy was in shambles with an annual inflation rate of 1,000%, export earnings shrank and infrastructure collapsed, factories were operating to a minimum capacity and investment was minimal. After the fall of President Soekarno, the administration of the new regime directed austerity economic policies that led to itInflation rates decreased rapidly, currencies stabilized, external debt was rescheduled and attracted foreign aid and investment. Until recently, Indonesia was the only member of Southeast Asia in OPEC, and oil prices in the 1970s had the effect of delivering significant gains from export earnings that contributed to continued high economic growth rates at an annual rate of more than 7% for the period from 1968 to 1981.

After further reforms in the late 1980s, foreign investment flowed to Indonesia, especially in the export-oriented manufacturing sector, which experienced rapid growth, and for the period from 1989 to 1997, the Indonesian economy grew by more than 7%.

Indonesia was the country most affected by the Asian financial crisis of 1997-98. The rupee decreased against the US dollar from about 2,600 rupees to 14,000 rupees, and the economy contracted by 13.7%. Rs stabilized at a rate of 8,000 to 10,000, and the economy rebounded slowly but important after that. Political instability, slow economic reform and corruption have had a slowdown in recovery. For example, Transparency International ranks Indonesia under 100 in the Corruption Index. Since 2007, the banking sector and domestic consumption have improved, and the national economy has grown by 6% annually, and this has helped the country during the 2008-2009 global recession. In 2011, Indonesia's inflation rate was 3.79%, well below its targetThe government increased by 5.65%, the lowest rate of inflation since 1998. Indonesia has sought to raise GDP by the domestic market and help protect it from the global economic turmoil that has hit its neighbors through an economy more oriented towards export and foreign direct investment, which has grown by 20% to A record $ 20 billion in 2011, GDP has grown 6.5%, the fastest pace since the Asian financial crisis, and Indonesia has established itself as one of the fastest growing Asian economies.

In 2010, an estimated 13.3% of the population lived below the poverty line, and the unemployment rate was 7.1%.