Saad Zaghloul

Saad Zaghloul

Saad Zaghloul is an Egyptian leader and leader of the 1919 revolution in Egypt and one of the historic Egyptian leaders. He served as Prime Minister of Egypt and President of the National Assembly.

1- Nashat

Saad was born in the village of Ibiana belonging to the former Fuwa Center ((currently Metobas)) Directorate of Western ((governorate of Kafr El-Sheikh)). There were conflicting reports about his real birth date. His father was the head of the village elders and when he died, Saad was five years old. He grew up as an orphan with his brother Ahmed Zaghloul, from an Egyptian rural family.

2 - stages of life of Saad Zaghloul

He was educated in the book and then joined Al-Azhar in 1873. He learned at the hands of Mr. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Sheikh Mohammed Abdo, and like many of his colleagues, wrapped himself around Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, then worked with him on the Egyptian realities. He moved to the position of an assistant in the Ministry of Interior but was dismissed for his participation in the Orabi Revolution. He worked as a lawyer, but was arrested in 1883 on charges of participating in the national organization known as the Society of Vengeance.

Three months later he was released from prison to return to the law firm. He entered the circle of English friends through Queen Nazli, and then sought to learn English. He married the daughter of Mustafa Fahmy Pasha, the Prime Minister of Egypt. Learn French to increase his culture.

Saad employs a prosecutor and his colleague at this time was Qasim Amin. He was promoted until he became head of the prosecution and received the rank of Bakwiya, then deputy judge in 1892. He received his Bachelor of Laws in 1897.

Saad Zaghloul joined the political wing of Al-Manar, which included Azharis, writers, politicians, social reformers and defenders of religion. He participated in the general campaign to establish the Egyptian University. In 1906 he was appointed head of knowledge and then appointed in 1910 as head of law.

In 1907, Saad was one of the contributors to laying the foundation stone for the establishment of the Egyptian University with: Mohamed Abdo, Mohamed Farid, and Kassem Amin.

Saad also contributed to the founding of Al-Ahli in 1907 and took over his presidency on 18 July 1907

Saad became a deputy for two districts from Cairo districts. After World War I, the opposition led the Legislative Assembly, which formed the nucleus of the Wafd group, and demanded independence and the abolition of protection.

3 - Saad Zaghloul political career

Saad Zaghloul came up with the idea of ​​forming the Egyptian delegation to defend the Egyptian case in 1918 against the British occupation.

The Egyptian delegation, which included Saad Zaghloul, Abdel Aziz Fahmy, Ali Shaarawi and others, called themselves the Egyptian delegation.

They have collected signatures from stakeholders to prove their representativeness. The statement reads: "We, the signatories of this, have given to us: Saad Zaghloul and .. to seek peaceful peaceful means wherever they find a way to seek the independence of Egypt in accordance with the principles of freedom and justice, which is published by the State of Great Britain."

Saad Zaghloul was arrested and exiled to the island of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea and a group of his comrades on March 8, 1919, exploded the revolution of 1919, which was one of the strongest factors of the leadership of Saad Zaghloul. England was forced to isolate the British ruler and the British released Saad Zaghloul and his colleagues and returned from exile to Egypt.

Members of the Paris Peace Conference did not respond to the demands of the Egyptian delegation. The Egyptians returned to the revolution and their enthusiasm increased. , But failed again.

He returned from exile and founded the Egyptian Wafd Party and entered the parliamentary elections in 1923, where the Wafd Party swept. He assumed the premiership from 1923 and continued until 1924, where the assassination of Sir Lee Stack, the Egyptian army commander and the ruler of Sudan, was taken by the British occupation authorities as a pretext to put pressure on the Egyptian government.

The Egyptian government should apologize for this crime.

Bring perpetrators and instigators of this crime to trial and punishment.

Provide half a million pounds of compensation to the British government.

To withdraw Egyptian forces from Sudan.

Increase the area of ​​cotton cultivated in Sudan.

The British aim of this ultimatum was to keep Egypt away from Sudan and Britain and put Sudan and Egypt in economic competition over the cotton crop and the emergence of England as a defender of Sudan's interests towards Egypt. Saad Zaghloul agreed on the first three points and rejected the fourth. English forces forcibly evacuated Egyptian army units from Sudan, and Saad Zaghloul resigned. King Fouad appointed Ziur Pasha as prime minister and dissolved parliament. But MPs met outside parliament and decided to hold Saad Zaghloul as prime minister. The British government sent naval pieces off the coast of Alexandria in a threatening demonstration, so Saad Zaghloul decided to abandon the idea of ​​prime minister so as not to expose Egypt to another catastrophe, as happened in 1882.

His resignation was accepted on 24 November 1924. He fought a struggle with King Fouad and minority parties cooperating with the king in defense of the constitution.

Saad Zaghloul died on August 23, 1927, and was buried in the mausoleum of Saad known as the House of the Nation, which was built in 1931 to bury the leader of a nation and the leader of a revolution against the British occupation (Revolution of 1919). The government of Abdel Khaleq Tharwat and the members of the Wafd Party preferred the Pharaonic style so that all Egyptians and foreigners would have the opportunity not to have the religious shrine hindered by the Christian and foreign leader's lovers from visiting him. Cairo governor Rahim Shehata decided to restore it at the expense of the governorate and put it on the tourist map of the capital.

Saad Pasha Zaghloul bought the land on which the mausoleum was built in 1925. Two years before his death to establish a political club of the Wafd Party, which he founded to be an alternative headquarters for the club, which he rented as the headquarters of the party in the building «Savoy» Square Suleiman Pasha - downtown Cairo - and closed the government of Ziwar Pasha, this land overlooking it from his house and an area of ​​4815 square meters. Saad Zaghloul Pasha commissioned both Fakhri Bek Abdel Nour and Sinot Bek Hanna, members of the delegation to negotiate with Bank of Athens, the owner of the land, but the government of Zewar instructed the bank not to sell stubbornly to Saad Zaghloul so as not to use the land to establish the headquarters of a political party.

On August 23, 1927, the new ministry met at the time under the chairmanship of Abdel Khalek Pasha Tharwat. The building and the government of Abdel Khalek Tharwat erected two statues, one in Cairo and the other in Alexandria.

This building was completed during the reign of Ismail Pasha Sidqi in 1931.It was one of the opponents of Saad Zaghloul. This proposal insisted that the mausoleum be private only to Saad, preferring to remain in the tombs of Imam Shafi'i until political circumstances change and allow his transfer in a ceremony befitting his historical status as leader of the nation.