Vietnam

Vietnam is a socialist republic in Southeast Asia on the Gulf of Tonkin and the China Sea, and its capital is Hanoi. It is located in the easternmost part of the Indochina Peninsula, bordered on the north by China and on the east by the Gulf of Tonkin, and on the west by Laos, Thailand and Cambodia. Its cities include Ho Chi Minh City, or formerly Saigon, and Haiphong

The Vietnamese language is the national official language of Vietnam, and is spoken by most of its inhabitants. At the beginning of its history, Vietnam used Chinese characters, and then the Vietnamese began to develop the characters of the Vietnamese language since the thirteenth century AD. Today, it is written in Latin letters, with additional vowels for some words

This transliteration was due to the need for Catholic missionaries in the sixteenth century AD to convert the language into a phonemic system that does not use Chinese characters. The French Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes was the first to compose a lexicon of the language after what he had revised based on the Portuguese language. The actual use of this subterfuge has been in the official educational system since 1918 during the era of the emperors, but it did not become the official writing until independence on September 2, 1945

The government began to renew in all practical aspects, and the general direction of the process of development, globalization and regionalization is gradually moving. Congress debated the Communist Party of Vietnam in December 1986 thoroughly self-criticized its mistakes in past years, carefully evaluating its achievements, analyzing errors and defects, which in all respects determine the renewal of the policy. Giving top priority to economic reform in order to create a multi-sectoral world in the market and economy regulated by the government, at the same time strengthening the legal environment and renewing the party, state and structure

Since then the Vietnamese economy has opened up and has shifted from a highly centralized, import-based planned economy to a single, targeted market. All aim at achieving balance in the budget and encouraging exports. As of 1989, Vietnam began to export about 1--1.5 tons of rice, the inflation rate gradually decreased (at a rate of 67.4% in 1990), living standards improved, democracy got strengthened, national defense and internal security became entrenched, and foreign relations were able to redeem The country is from siege and isolation

In June 1991, Congress affirmed its intention to continue the process of renewal, overcome difficulties and challenges, maintain stability in the political situation, defeat injustice and negative activities, and guide the country out of the crisis. He also endorsed the foreign policy of pluralism and diversity, saying, "Vietnam wants to be a friend of all other countries in the international community for peace, independence and development." With the renewal process, Vietnam step by step surpassed many difficulties, obstacles, and achieved great results

During the period 1991-1998, the average rate of economic growth was 8%. In 1999 the economy was affected by the economic crisis in the region, and natural disasters, but the GDP growth was only 4.5%. However, the economic performance is inspiring in 2000 with a GDP growth of 6.7% in the first nine months. By September 2000, foreign direct investment (FDI) reached $ 36 billion with 2,500 projects; Inflation has decreased from 67.1% (1991) to 6% (in 2000), and the living standards of the majority of the population have improved. Vietnam is classified among the emerging markets characterized by a dynamic and diversified economy, an increase in its population and a high proportion of youth

The prevailing climate is tropical. The monsoons affect the climate throughout the year. And the summer winds cause heavy rain. As for the winter winds coming from the northeast, they produce less heavy rains. There are two main seasons: a hot and rainy summer, and a cold, dry winter

The average temperature in Hanoi in the north is about 17 ° C in January, and June is about 29 ° C. And between the months of May and October, the temperature rises in the Red River Delta, and heavy rains, accompanied by hurricanes that hit the Gulf of Tonkin. The annual rainfall in Hanoi is about 185 cm

In the south, humidity is high throughout the year. Most of the rain falls in the summer. The rainfall in the Ho Chi Minh City area is about 200 cm between April and November. From December to March the weather remains warm with light rain. The average temperature in Ho Chi Minh City is around 26 ° C in December and 30 ° C in April

The central part of the country is the driest and wetter regions, with temperatures reaching rates higher than the northern and southern parts. Most of the central coast is vulnerable to hurricanes. It is known that the mountainous areas of Vietnam are characterized by more rain and lower temperatures compared to the delta regions and coastal regions

The area of ​​cultivated land is about 15% of the country. The area of ​​arable areas in the south is about 20%, but most of them have not been invested so far. The government is working to expand the agricultural area. Rice is the main crop, along with cassava, coffee, palm oil, hemp, peanuts, soybeans, sugar cane, tomatoes, tea, tobacco and rubber

The Vietnamese economy depends on agriculture. The percentage of agricultural employment is about 70% of the total productive forces, noting that rice is the main agricultural crop. The economic system in Vietnam is the socialist system characterized by state ownership of all means of production. But in the late 1980s, the state pursued a policy of economic restructuring that allowed some forms of individual ownership and economic competition

Most of the country's natural resources are located in the northern part of the country. Anthracite is the main mineral, and it is found in large quantities in this region. Other mining industries include chrome, oil, silt, phosphates, salt and tin. Forests cover a third of the country, with products such as bamboo, cinnamon, raw industrial wood and quinine