Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan / is a country with mountainous terrain located in Central Asia. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is the city of Bishkek

Kyrgyzstan's recorded history spans over 2,000 years and includes a diverse range of cultures and empires. Although Kyrgyzstan is geographically isolated due to its high mountainous terrain, which helped preserve its ancient culture, it was at the crossroads of several great civilizations as part of the Silk Road and other trade and cultural routes. Kyrgyzstan periodically fell under foreign control and did not acquire sovereignty as a nation-state until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991

The Kyrgyz Republic is located in the eastern part of Central Asia. Its eastern border shares its territory with East Turkestan, and it currently belongs to the People's Republic of China. Kyrgyzstan borders the Republic of Kazakhstan to the north, the Republic of Uzbekistan to the west, and the Republic of Tajikistan to the southwest, and all Kyrgyz borders are surrounded by Muslim-majority countries

Kyrgyz land is mountainous in its entirety. It consists of a high plateau, in the north of which includes mountain ranges that cover the western part of the Tian Shan Mountains. In the south it includes the Alas Mountains (Alaskan Mountains), which rise to more than seven thousand meters (7134), and the central part of Kyrgyzstan is an open plain in the west on the plains of Central Asia. This section includes a series of river valleys. Like Wadi Narin and Wadi Nar

 These valleys are a group of lakes. This system forms the Fergana Valley, which has historical fame in the Islamic conquests of this country. This water group is part of the upper reaches of the Saihon River (Sardaria). There is a large lake in the north called "Issyk Kul"

Kyrgyzstan's climate is extreme and extremist. Cool over heights standing snow covers its high peaks. It is warm in the central plains where the mountains form a natural protection. This is one of the reasons for Russian immigrants gathered in this easy. Their proportion has risen to a third of the Kyrgyz population. The rain falling on the intermediate region. Sufficient forests and forests grass growth in some regions of Kyrgyzstan

The Republic of Kyrgyzstan has good agricultural, pastoral and mineral wealth. The most important agricultural crops are wheat, corn and rice, and it produces more than half a million tons of cotton. About a ton of sugar beet. As for its agricultural wealth, it is estimated at ten million sheep and livestock. 4 million tons) and a little oil

Kyrgyzstan is the only one besides Kazakhstan from the former Soviet republics of Central Asia that keep Russian as the official language. The Kyrgyz language was added to the language officially in September 1991. This is an attempt to attract Russians for not emigrating from the newly independent country. Kyrgyz language belongs to the group of Turkish languages ​​and was written in the Arabic alphabet until the twentieth century

It was replaced by the Latin alphabet adopted in 1928, and later replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1941. In general, people understand the Russian language throughout the country, except for some mountainous areas. Russian is the mother tongue of the majority of Bishkek residents, and most business and political affairs are in this language. Until now, Kyrgyz has been a spoken language in homes, and has rarely been used during meetings or other events. However, most of the parliamentary sessions today take place in Kyrgyz, with interpretation available for those who do not speak it

The beginning of the founding of Soviet power in the region was in 1919, when the independent state of Kara Kyrgyz was created in the RSFSR (the Russians used the term Kara-Kyrgyz until the mid-1920s to distinguish them from the Kazakhs, who were also referred to Kyrgyz). On December 5, 1936, the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic was established as a federal republic of the Soviet Union

During the twenties of the twentieth century, Kyrgyzstan developed a great development in cultural, educational and social aspects. Literacy improved greatly, and a unified literary language was introduced by imposing the Russian language on the population. Economic and social development was also notable. Many aspects of Kyrgyz national culture were preserved despite the suppression of national activity during the reign of Joseph Stalin

The early years of the policy of openness and transparency in the activities of all government institutions (glasnost) had little impact on the political climate in Kyrgyzstan. Nevertheless, the Republic's press was allowed to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication entitled "Letteritni Kyrgyzstan" by the Writers' Union. Informal political groups were forbidden, but several groups that appeared in 1989 were allowed to deal with the acute housing crisis at work

According to the last Soviet census in 1989, Kyrgyz ethnicity accounted for only 22% of the population of the northern city of Frunze (Bishkek now), while more than 60% of the population were Russians, Ukrainians and other Slavic countries. Nearly 10% of the population of the capital were Jews (a unique fact, for almost any place in the Soviet Union, except for the Jewish autonomous region)

In June 1990, ethnic tensions arose between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz in the Osh region (southern Kyrgyzstan), where Uzbeks are a minority there. As attempts to seize the collective Uzbek farms sparked riots in Osh. A state of emergency was declared and a curfew imposed, and Askar Akayev, the youngest of five family members of collective farm workers (in northern Kyrgyzstan), was elected President in October of the same year

By that time, the democratic movement in Kyrgyzstan had evolved into a major political force with the support of Parliament. On 15 December 1990, the Supreme Soviet voted to change the name of the republic to the Kyrgyz Republic. In the following January, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a new government consisting mainly of younger politicians with reformist tendencies. In February 1991, the name of the capital, Frunze, returned to what it was previously Bishkek

Despite the political moves demanding independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the Soviet Union. In a referendum held to preserve the Soviet Union in March 1991, 88.7% of voters agreed to the proposal to keep the Soviet Union as a "renewed union." However, separatist forces gained independence for Kyrgyzstan in August of the same year

On 19 August 1991, when the State Emergency Committee came to power in Moscow, there was an attempt to isolate Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup failed in the following week, Akayev and German Vice President Kuznetsov announced their resignations from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the members of both the office and the secretariat completely resigned. This was followed by a vote by the Supreme Soviet of the Republic that declared independence from the Soviet Union on 31 August 1991 as the Kyrgyz Republic