Mongolia

Mongolia

Mongolia / is a landlocked country in Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Its capital is Ulaanbaatar and is also the largest city, and is home to about 45% of the population. The political system in Mongolia is a parliamentary republic

Mongolia has an area of ​​about 1,565,000 square kilometers. Among the most important geographical features in Mongolia, the Gobi Desert, which represents the second largest desert in the world, covers the Gobi Desert, a third of the southern region of Mongolia, and is home to many animals that are almost extinct, such as "Gobi Bear", leaving only 40 animals and wild camels and donkeys. Wild

Despite the harsh environment and the disappearance of life in this vast desert, the camel herds and cattle herders used to inhabit it for centuries. Besides this arid desert environment, mountain forests with green trees and pastures cover about 25 percent of the country’s area. Among the most famous of these areas is the Altai Neuru Forest, which is located in The westernmost part of Mongolia, which is an area covered by snow on most days of the year, and the highest peak in the mountains spread in Mongolia, the summit of Mount Kyoten 4374 meters

The climate in the Inner Mongolia region is varied due to its location and topography. The continental seasonal climate prevails in the regions. In the spring, the temperature suddenly rises, and the days of severe winds abound. And the summer here is short and mild, and it rains. In autumn, the temperature drops quickly, and frost is generally common early. And the winters are long, cold, cold, and cold waves abound. The annual rain amount here is between 100-500 millimeters, and the frost-free period is between 80 ¨C150 days. The time of sunshine is more than 2,700 hours per year. The Greater Xing'an Mountains and the Yanshan Mountains are natural boundaries separating the region's climate. The temperature and the amount of rain in the eastern regions of the Great Xing'an Mountains and the north of the Yanshan Mountains are clearly lower than the areas west of the Great Xing'an Mountains and the south of the Yanshan Mountains

Natural freshwater resources are limited in some areas; The policies of the former communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative impacts on the environment; The burning of fine coal in gas power plants and the lack of environmental law enforcement severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation and overgrazing, and the conversion of virgin lands in agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; Desertification and mining activities have had a negative impact on the environment

Achim Steiner, Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Program, said that Mongolia faces increasing pressures on food security, traditional Bedouin herding methods and water supplies, due to the effects of climate change, noting that Mongolia is among the countries of the world most vulnerable to the effects of global warming

It is estimated that the average annual temperature in Mongolia has increased by more than two degrees Celsius during the past seventy years, and rainfall has decreased in most regions

This is scheduled to send a mission from the United Nations Environment Program to Mongolia next April with the aim of helping the country to move to a green economy in areas such as land, energy and water

 Economic activity in Mongolia over grazing and agriculture, despite the development of vast mineral deposits of copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, gold and emerged as the engine of industrial production. Besides mining (21.8% of GDP), agriculture (16% of GDP), the dominant industries in gross domestic product formation are real estate activities, wholesale and retail trade, services, transportation, and storage

The gray economy is estimated to be at least a third the size of the formal economy. As of 2006, 68.4% of Mongolia's exports went to the PRC, the PRC and supplied 29.8% of Mongolia's imports

Mongolia is occupied by low middle income economy by the World Bank. 22.4% of the population lives on less than $ 1.25 a day. The GDP per capita in 2011 was $ 3100. Despite the growth, the proportion of the population estimated below the poverty line was 35.6% to be in 1998, 36.1% in the period 2002-2003, 32.2% in 2006

Due to a boom in the mining sector, Mongolia had high growth rates in 2007 and 2008 (9.9% and 8.9% respectively). In 2009, a sharp drop in commodity prices and the effects of the global financial crisis caused the local currency to drop 40% against the US dollar. It was expected to reach 16.4% transferred two of the 16 commercial banks in escort

GDP growth in 2011. However, inflation continued to erode GDP gains, with an average rate of 12.6% expected in Mongolia at the end of 2011. Although GDP has steadily increased since 2002 by 7.5% in Official estimates are in 2006, and the country is still working to overcome the trade deficit quite a bit. The Economist expects this trade deficit from 14% of Mongolia's GDP to shift to a surplus in 2013

Mongolia was never included among the emerging market markets until February 2011 when Mongolian Citigroup analysts identified it as one of the global growth generators of countries with countries that have promising growth prospects for being 2010-2050. Mongolian Stock Exchange, established in 1991 in Ulaanbaatar, is among the smallest stock exchanges in the world by market value

In 2011, 336 listed companies lost a total market value of $ 2 billion after quadrupling from $ 406 million in 2008. Mongolia made a major improvement in ease of doing business in 2012, moving up to rank 76 compared to 88 last year in Doing Business report by IFC

Economic activity in Mongolia is traditionally based on agriculture and livestock. Mongolia also has large mineral deposits: copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold. A large part of industrial production in Mongolia was the result of Soviet aid, which at its heyday accounted for a third of GDP. Soviet aid ceased between 1990-1991. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongolia plunged into recession